Post Apartheid Labour Market Series 1993-2019

South Africa, 1993 - 2019

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zaf-datafirst-palms-1993-2019-v3.3.1

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Andrew Kerr, David Lam, Martin Wittenberg

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Sep 05, 2013

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

Found: 121

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1 van der Berg, Servaas, Gabrielle Wills, Rebecca Selkirk , Charles Adams , and Chris van Wyk. "The cost of repetition in South Africa." (2019) Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers: WP13/2019.

2 Cassim, Aalia, and Daniela Casale. "Identifying the wage differential in the temporary employment services sector: Evidence for South Africa using administrative tax records." The Journal of Development Studies 58, no. 10 (2022): 2065-2088.

3 Oyenubi, Adeola, and Jacqueline Mosomi. "Utility of inequality sensitive measures of the gender wage gap: Evidence from South Africa." (2023) Economic Analysis and Policy.

4 Titus, Afton. "Redesigning tax systems: Tax justice for women: Navigating the path to economic empowerment in post-apartheid South Africa." Intertax 52, no. 6/7 (2024): 501-516.

5 Ebrahim, Amina, and Jukka Pirttilä. "A policy for the jobless youth in South Africa: Individual impacts of the Employment Tax Incentive." (2022) WIDER Working Paper.

6 Ebrahim, Amina. "A policy for the (jobless) youth: The employment tax incentive." PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2021.

7 Thornton, Amy, and Martin Wittenberg. "Reweighting the OHS and GHS to improve data quality: Representativeness, household counts, and small households." South African Journal of Economics n/a, no. n/a (2022).

8 Thornton J, Amy. "Household formation in post-apartheid South Africa, 1995-2011: measurement and trends." PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2021.

9 Wagner L, Amy. "Gendered trends in labour force participation and education in South Africa." Masters thesis, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, 2021.

10 Donaldson R, Andrew. "The South African personal income tax base, 2011-2018: Income and taxable income, adjusted for retirement fund and medical expense reporting changes." (2023) SALDRU Working Paper.

11 Donaldson R, Andrew. "The South African personal income tax base, 2011–2018: Income and taxable income, adjusted for retirement fund and medical expense reporting changes." (2023) WIDER Working Paper.

12 Kerr, Andrew, and Martin Wittenberg. "The post-apartheid labour market series." Research Data Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (2020): 39-49.

13 Kerr, Andrew, and Mxolisi Zondi. "Measuring the upper tail of the income and wealth distributions." (2024) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

14 Kerr, Andrew. "Earnings and earnings inequality in South Africa: Evidence from household survey and administrative tax microdata from 1993 to 2020." The Review of Income and Wealth 0, no. 0 (2024).

15 Allen, Caitlin, Zaakhir Asmal, Haroon Bhorat, Robert Hill, Jabulile Monnakgotla, Morne Oosthuizen, and Christopher Rooney. "Employment creation potential, labour skills requirements, and skill gaps for young people: A South African case study." (2021) DPRU Working Papers.

16 Whitehead, Caitlin A, Haroon Bhorat, Robert Hill, Timothy Köhler, and François Steenkamp. "The potential employment implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies: The case of the manufacturing, engineering and related services sector." (2021) DPRU Working Paper.

17 Kreuser, Carl F, and Carol Newman. "Total factor productivity in South African manufacturing firms." South African Journal of Economics 86, no. 1 (2018): 40-78.

18 Casale, Daniela, Dorrit Posel, and Jacqueline Mosomi. "The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy." (2022) Part IV The labour market, distribution, and social policy: Chapter 34 Gender and work in South Africa.

19 Francis, David, and Imraan Valodia. "Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) in South Africa: introduction and a review of the labour market literature." (2022) Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa.

20 Shepherd, Debra. "The teacher labour market and pay: How does it compare to other professions?." (2022) Research on Socioeconomic Policy (RESEP) Working Paper.

21 Posel, Dorrit, Dambala Gelo, Daniela Casale, and Adeola Oyenubi. "Sorting the gender earnings gap: Heterogeneity in the South African labor market." Feminist Economics 0, no. 0 (2023): 1-28.

22 Espi, Gabriel, David Francis, and Imraan Valodia. "Gender inequality in the South African labour market: Insights from the Employment Equity Act data." Agenda 33, no. 4 (2019): 44-61.

23 Bhorat, Haroon, Ben Stanwix, and Amy Thornton. "The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy." (2022) Part IV The labour market, distribution, and social policy: Chapter 31 Changing dynamics in the South African labour market.

24 Bhorat, Haroon, Kezia Lilenstein, Morné Oosthuizen, and Amy Thornton. "Tasks, Skills and Institutions: The changing nature of work and inequality." (2023) South Africa: Employment and inequality trends.

25 Bhorat, Haroon, Kezia Lilenstein, Morné Oosthuizen, and Amy Thornton. "Tasks, skills, and institutions: The changing nature of work and inequality." (2023) South Africa: employment and inequality trends.

26 Bhorat, Haroon, Robert Hill, Timothy Köhler, and Jabulile Monnakgotla. "Who are the robots coming for? The evolving task content of employment in South Africa." (2023) SARChI Industrial Development Working Paper Series.

27 Bassier, Ihsaan, and Ingrid Woolard. "Exclusive growth? Rapidly increasing top incomes amidst low national growth in South Africa." (2020) South African Journal of Economics.

28 Bassier, Ihsaan, and Leila Gautham. "The firm-wage gender gap and formal sector churn over the life cycle." (2024) WIDER Working Paper.

29 Hundenborn J, Ines. "Explaining changes in post-apartheid income and earnings inequality." PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2021.

30 Thunde, Jack. "Wage inequality: A gender and race analysis of South African wages between 1994 and 2015." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2019.

31 Mosomi, Jacqueline, and Wendy Cunningham. "Profiling Green Jobs and Workers in South Africa: An occupational tasks approach." (2024)

32 Mosomi, Jacqueline, and Amy Thornton. "Physical proximity and occupational employment change by gender during the COVID-19 pandemic." (2022) WIDER Working Paper.

33 Heintz, James, and Karmen Naidoo. "The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy." (2022) Part I History, political economy, and key challenges: Chapter 7 Unemployment in South Africa.

34 Terblanche, Jeanne, Dawie van Lill, and Hylton Hollander. "Fiscal policy and dimensions of inequality in South Africa: A time-varying coefficient approach." (2023) Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers.

35 Schers, Jules, and Jesse Burton. "Managing the coal transition for workers in South Africa: A scenario analysis of age and education profiles of the coal mining workforce." 1st IAEE Online Conference: Energy, COVID and Climate Change. 2021.

36 Naidoo, Karmen. "Innovation, digital platform technologies and employment: An overview of key issues and emerging trends in South Africa." (2020) SCIS Working Paper.

37 Shah, Kishan. "Diagnosing South Africa’s high unemployment and low informality." (2022) CID Harvard University Working Papers.

38 Le Roux, Leonard. "Agricultural change and farmworker living standards in post-apartheid South Africa." Masters thesis, University of Cape Town, 2019.

39 Piek, Marlies, Dieter von Fintel, and Johann Kirsten. "The impact of agricultural minimum wages on worker flows in South Africa." South African Journal of Economics n/a, no. n/a (2023): 1-10.

40 Piek, Marlies, and Dieter von Fintel. "Minimum wages, de facto private standards, and trade diversion in horticulture." (2025) SA-TIED Working Paper.

41 Sharp, Matthew. "The labour market impacts of female internal migration: Evidence from the end of Apartheid." (2021) Regional Science and Urban Economics.

42 Branson, Nicola, and David Lam. "The Oxford Handbook of the South African Economy." (2022) Part IV The labour market, distribution, and social policy: Chapter 33 The economics of education in South Africa.

43 Branson, Nicola, and Emma Whitelaw. "Post-school education and training policies in South Africa: From 1994 to now." (2025) ERSA Policy Paper.

44 Shedi, Olwethu. "The impact of 'compensating' women for hours of unpaid care work on household poverty." BCom Research Report, University of the Witwatersrand, 2022.

45 Crankshaw, Owen. Urban Inequality: Theory, evidence and method in Johannesburg. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022.

46 Crankshaw, Owen. Urban inequality: theory, evidence and method in Johannesburg. : Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022.

47 Dutronc-Postel, Paul, and Alessandro Tondini. "Large means-tested pensions with informal labor markets: Evidence from South Africa." (2021) Economic Development and Cultural Change.

48 Kwenda, Prudence, and Miracle Ntuli. "A detailed decomposition analysis of the public-private sector wage gap in South Africa." Development Southern Africa 35, no. 6 (2018): 815-838.

49 Mariti, Relebohile. "Labour market participation and access to internet during Covid-19 lockdown: Case of South Africa." Masters thesis, University of Cape Town, 2024.

50 Hausmann, Ricardo, Federico Sturzenegger, Patricio Goldstein, Frank Muci, and Douglas Barrios. "Macroeconomic risks after a decade of microeconomic turbulence: South Africa 2007-2020." (2022) WIDER Working Paper.

51 Maluleke, Risenga. Inequality trends in South Africa: A multidimensional diagnostic of inequality. Pretoria, South Africa: Statistics South Africa, 2019.

52 Burger, Rulof, Rachel Jafta, and Dieter von Fintel. "Affirmative action policies and the evolution of post-apartheid South Africa’s racial wage gap." (2016) WIDER Working Paper.

53 Merrino, Serena. "Monetary policy and wage inequality in South Africa." (2022) Emerging Markets Review.

54 Foster, Shakeba. "Employment transitions with high unemployment and a small informal sector: Examining worker flows during normal and recessionary periods in South Africa." (2023) WIDER Working Paper.

55 Hovhannisyan, Shoghik, Christopher F Baum, Helidah R Ogude, and Aditya Sarkar. Mixed migration, forced displacement and job outcomes in South Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2018.

56 Klasen, Stephan, and Anna Minasyan. "Affirmative action and intersectionality at the top: Evidence from South Africa." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 60, no. 1 (2021): 3-35.

57 Klasen, Stephan, and Anna Minasyan. "The impact of affirmative action on the gendered: Occupational segregation in South Africa." (2018) CRC-PEG Göttingen Discussion Paper.

58 Machemedze, Takwanisa, Andrew Kerr, and Rob Dorrington. "South African population projection and household survey sample weight recalibration." (2020)

59 Singh K, Utsav. "Regional Dimensions of Human Development in India and South Africa." (2024) Sustainable Development Goals in South Africa: Progress and Challenges.

60 Rancchod, Vimal, Gabriel Espi-Sanchis, and Andrew Kerr. "Labour Policy in South Africa: From 1994 to now." (2025) ERSA Working Paper.

61 Ojong, Vivian, and Stephen Basure. Identity and Belonging: The African Others in South Africa. Yaounde, Cameroon: Langaa RPCIG, 2024.

62 Amodio, Francesco, Michele Maio, Yifan Li, and Patrizio Piraino. "Product market competition and the labour market: Evidence from South Africa." WIDER Working Paper , no. 39 (2020).

63 Ardington, Cally, David Lam, Murray Leibbrandt, and James Levinsohn. "Savings, insurance and debt over the post-apartheid period: A review of recent research." South African Journal of Economics 72, no. 3 (2004): 604-640.

64 Bassier, Ihsaan. "The wage-setting power of firms: Rent-sharing and monopsony in South Africa." (2019) SA-TIED Working Paper Number 59/ WIDER Working Paper 2019/34 .

65 Bassier, Ihsaan, and Ingrid Woolard. "The top 1% of incomes are increasing rapidly even with low economic growth." (2018) Econ 3x3.

66 Bhorat, Haroon, and Safia Khan. "Structural change and patterns of inequality: In the South African labour market." (2018) DPRU Working Paper 201801 .

67 Bhorat, Haroon, Aalia Cassim, and Alan Hirsch. "The practice of industrial policy: Government-business coordination in Africa and East Asia." (2017) Policy co-ordination and growth traps in a middle-income country setting: The case of South Africa.

68 Bhorat, Haroon, Aalia Cassim, and Allan Hirsch. "Policy co-ordination and growth traps in a middle-income country setting: The case of South Africa." DPRU Working Paper , no. 2014/155 (2014).

69 Bhorat, Haroon, Aalia Cassim, and David Tseng. "Higher education, employment and economic growth: Exploring the interactions." Development Southern Africa 33, no. 3 (2016): 312-327.

70 Bhorat, Haroon, and Ravi Kanbur. "Poverty and well-being in post-apartheid South Africa: An overview of data, outcomes and policy." Development Policy Research Unit Working Paper 05/101 , no. 05/101 (2005).

71 Bhorat, Haroon, Kezia Lilenstein, Morne Oosthuizen, and Amy Thornton. "Structural transformation, inequality, and inclusive growth in South Africa." WIDER Working Paper , no. 50 (2020).

72 Bhorat, Haroon, Kezia Lilenstein, Morné Oosthuizen, and Amy Thornton. "Wage polarization in a high-inequality emerging economy: The case of South Africa." WIDER Working Paper Series , no. 55 (2020).

73 Bhorat, Haroon, Karmen Naidoo, Morne Oosthuizen, and Kavisha Pillay. "Africa's lions: Growth traps and opportunities for six African economies." (2016) Demographic, employment, and wage trends in South Africa.

74 Bhorat, Haroon, Karmen Naidoo, Morne Oosthuizen, and Kavisha Pillay. "Demographic, employment, and wage trends in South Africa." (2016) Africa Growth Initiative Working Paper 45.

75 Bhorat, Haroon, Morne Oosthuizen, Ben Stanwix, Francois Steenkamp, and Amy Thornton. "The economics of Covid-19 in South Africa: Early impressions." (2020) DPRU Working Paper 202004 Haroon Bhorat, Tim Köhler, Morné Oosthuizen, Ben Stanwix, François Steenkamp and Amy Thornton.

76 Branson, Nicola, Cally Ardington, David Lam, and Murray Leibbrandt. "Changes in education, employment and earnings in South Africa: A cohort analysis." Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit , no. 105 (2013).

77 Branson, Nicola, Samantha Culligan, and Kim Ingle. Developing Siyaphambili: A stronger South African nation website. Moving towards a unified goal to combat inequality and unemployment. Cape Town, South Africa: SALDRU, 2020.

78 Crankshaw, Owen. "Social polarization in global cities: Measuring changes in earnings and occupational inequality." (2016) Regional Studies.

79 d’Agostino, Giorgio, Francesco Giuli, Marco Lorusso, and Margherita Scarlato. "Fiscal policy, labour market, and inequality: Diagnosing South Africa’s anomalies in the shadow of racial discrimination." WIDER Working Paper , no. 122 (2020).

80 Daniels, Tasneem. "Estimating returns to education and experience in the South African agricultural industry." Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University, 2021.

81 Davies, Rob, and Dirk van Seventer. "Labour market polarization in South Africa: A decomposition analysis." WIDER Working Paper , no. 17 (2020).

82 Díaz Pabón, Fabio Andrés, Murray Leibbrandt, Vimal Ranchhod, and Michael Savage. "Piketty comes to South Africa." British Journal of Sociology 72, no. 1 (2021): 106-124.

83 Donaldson, Andrew R, and Aidan J Horn. "Employment and earnings by industry before Covid-19." SALDRU Working Paper , no. 277 (2021).

84 Ebrahim, Amina, and Jukka Pirttilä. "Can a wage subsidy system help reduce 50 per cent youth unemployment? Evidence from South Africa." (2019) WIDER Working Paper 2019/28 .

85 Espoir, Delphin, and Nicholas Ngepah. "The effects of inequality on total factor productivity across districts in South Africa: A spatial econometric analysis." (2020) GeoJournal.

86 Finn, Arden. "A national minimum wage in the context of the South African labour market." SALDRU Working Paper Number 153 , no. 153 (2015).

87 Finn, Arden, and Murray Leibbrandt. "The evolution and determination of earnings inequality in post-apartheid South Africa." (2018) WIDER Working Paper 2018/83 .

88 Finn, Arden, Murray Leibbrandt, and Vimal Ranchhod. "Patterns of persistence: Intergenerational mobility and education in South Africa." SALDRU Working Paper Number 175 and NIDS Discussion Paper 2016/2 , no. 175 (2016).

89 Gondwe R, Joel. "Manifestations of inequality in three developing countries: An investigation of differential education and labour market outcomes." PhD Thesis, Stellenbosch University, 2021.

90 Gradín, Carlos. "Occupational gender segregation in post-apartheid South Africa." Feminist Economics 0, no. 0 (2021): 1-32.

91 Gradín, Carlos. "Occupational segregation by race in South Africa after apartheid." Review of Development Economics 23, no. 2 (2019): 553-576.

92 Hill, Robert, Kezia Lilenstein, and Amy Thornton. "Job spells in an emerging market: Evidence from apartheid and post-apartheid South Africa." WIDER Working Paper , no. 27 (2020).

93 Hoogeveen, Johannes G, and Berk Özler. "Not separate, not equal: Poverty and inequality in post-apartheid South Africa." William Davidson Institute Working Paper no. 739 , no. 739 (2005).

94 Horn J, Aidan. "South Africa’s unemployment insurance fund benefit function: A mathematical critique." SALDRU Working Paper , no. 276 (2021).

95 Hoskings, Scott. "Labour market inequality in South Africa: A decomposition of changes in earnings from 2001 to 2011." Dissertation , University of Cape Town , 2016.

96 Hundenborn, Janina, Ingrid Woolard, and Murray Leibbrandt. "The evolution of female and male earnings inequality in post-Apartheid South Africa." WIDER Development Conference. Bangkok, Thailand, Sep, 2019.

97 Kerr, Andrew. "Measuring earnings inequality in South Africa using household survey and administrative tax microdata." SA-TIED Working Paper , no. 82 (2021).

98 Kerr, Andrew, and Martin Wittenberg. "Earnings and employment microdata in South Africa." WIDER Working Paper , no. 47 (2019).

99 Kerr, Andrew, and Martin Wittenberg. "Union wage premia and wage inequality in South Africa." (2021) Economic Modelling.

100 Lam, David. "The Political Economy of Inequality: U.S. and Global Dimensions." (2020) Why Has Income Inequality Increased while Education Inequality Has Decreased in Many Developing Countries?.

101 Lombard, Mighael, and Owen Crankshaw. "Deindustrialization and racial inequality: Social polarisation in eThekwini?." (2017) Cities.

102 McDougall, Bruce. "Measuring wages and inequality in South Africa using two nationally representative data series." Master of Commerce specialising in Applied Economics, The University of Cape Town , 2018.

103 Merrino, Serena. "Measuring labour earnings inequality in post-apartheid South Africa." WIDER Working Paper , no. 32 (2020).

104 Monnakgotla, Jabulile, and Morné Oosthuizen. "Job quality in South Africa: A proposed index for ongoing monitoring of job quality." DPRU Working Papers , no. 202103 (2021).

105 Mosomi, Jacqueline. "A cohort analysis of the gender wage gap in South Africa." Centre for the Study of African Economies 2019 conference - University of Oxford . United Kingdom, 2019.

106 Mosomi, Jacqueline. "Distributional changes in the gender wage gap in the post-apartheid South African labour market." (2019) WIDER Working Paper 2019/17 .

107 Mosomi, Jacqueline, Amy Thornton, and Nicola Branson. "Unpacking the potential implications of Covid-19 for gender inequality in the SA labour market." SALDRU Working Paper , no. 269 (2020).

108 Mosomi N, Jacqueline. "An empirical analysis of trends in female labour force participation and the gender wage gap in South Africa." Agenda 33, no. 4 (2019): 29-43.

109 Naidoo, Karmen. "Labour Market Adjustment to Import Competition in South Africa." PhD thesis proposal , University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2020.

110 Neyens, Liz, and Martin Wittenberg. "Changes in self-employment in the agricultural sector, South Africa: 1994-2012." Southern Africa Labour & Development Research Unit , no. 172 (2016).

111 Oosthuizen, Morne. "South Africa’s Generational Economy." PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, 2019.

112 Oosthuizen, Morné. "South Africa's generational economy." PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2019.

113 Piek, Marlies, and Dieter von Fintel. "Sectoral minimum wages in South Africa: Disemployment by firm size and trade exposure." Development Southern Africa 37, no. 3 (2020): 462-482.

114 Ranchhod, Vimal, and Reza C Daniels. "Labour market dynamics in South Africa at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic." (2021) South African Journal of Economics.

115 Rogan, Michael, and Caroline Skinner. "The nature of the South African informal sector as reflected in the Quarterly Labour-Force Survey, 2008-2014." REDI3x3 Working paper 28 , no. 28 (2017).

116 Sharp J, Matthew. "Essays in spatial and labour economics." PhD Thesis, London School of Economics, 2020.

117 Thornton, Amy, and Martin Wittenberg. "Restoring representativeness to South African household survey data with cross-entropy weight recalibration." ESSA Annual Conference . Johannesburg, Gauteng, 09 3, 2019.

118 Thornton, Amy, Haroon Bhorat, Timothey Köhler , and Morne Oosthuizen. "Jobs and COVID-19: Measuring work-related physical interaction." (2020) Development Policy Research Unit Working Papers.

119 Tivaringe, Tafadzwa. "The social unemployment gap in south africa: Limits of enabling socio-economic redress through expanding access to higher education." Education Policy Analysis Archives 27, no. 155 (2019).

120 Whitehead, Caitlin A, and Haroon Bhorat. "Understanding economic complexity: An application to the MER sector." DPRU Working Papers , no. 202105 (2021).

121 Wittenberg, Martin. "Wages and wage inequality in South Africa 1994–2011: Part 2 – Inequality measurement and trends." (2016) South African Journal of Economics.

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