Persistently high unemployment has plagued South Africa over the last few decades, while concurrently there has been a dearth of
state -provided income support to the working -age economically active population. In response to the pandemic the government
introduced the COVID -19 Social Relief of Distress grant – the country’s first unconditional cash transfer targeted at the unemployed. At the time of writing, however, no causal evidence of the grant’s effects exist. We adopt a doubly robust, semi
-parametric Difference-in-Differences approach on representative panel labour force data to estimate the contemporaneous and
cumulative causal effects of the grant on labour market outcomes. We find robust evidence that the grant increased average
employment probabilities by approximately 3 percentage points, an effect largely driven by wage and formal sector employment. Employment effects vary by duration of receipt, with larger effects estimated for the short -term which reduce to zero with
additional periods of receipt. We additionally find marginally significant effects on the probability of trying to start a business, but no evidence of any effects on job search. These findings suggest that the grant has performed a multi-purpose role in providing
income relief while also enabling a path towards more favourable labour market outcomes.