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South African Reconciliation Barometer 2003-2015, Rounds 1-14 merged

South Africa, 2003 - 2015
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zaf-ijr-sarb-2003-2015-v1.2
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Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
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Institute for Justice and Reconciliation - South African Reconciliation Barometer
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Feb 04, 2025
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Data file: sarb-2003-2015

Cases: 47351
Variables: 1181

Variables

VAR00005
***************SURVEY ROUNDS AND WEIGHTS*****************
round
Survey round
WEIGHT2003_2015
All Weights 2003 to 2015
INTRO
Intro (2013)
GEO
********** GEOGRAPHIC **********
province
Province
community
Community Size
metro
Metropolitan area
census
Census type
restype
Type of Respondent
DEMO
********** DEMOGRAPHIC **********
race
Race
gender
Gender
language
Home Language
education
Highest level of education completed
age
Age group
exactage
Exact age
marital
Marital status
dwelling
Type of dwelling
religion
To which religious denomination or group do you belong?
elections
NATIONAL: If there were national elections tomorrow, which political party or organisation would you vote for?
INCOM
********** INCOME **********
work
Working Status
earners
Number of people in household earning money
income
Monthly household income (categories don't work for 2011)
incomecat
Income categories for 2011
lsm
Living Standards Measure
occupation
Occupation
occupation_recode
Occupation
occupation_13
Occupation (completely different categories used in 2013)
selfemployed
At present are you self-employed?
incomehigher
Monthly household income
incomepershigher
Personal Monthly income
hhincomecat_new
Monthly household income categories NEW
persincomecat_new
Personal Monthly income NEW
hhincomecat
Monthly household income categories NEW
persincomecat
Personal Monthly income NEW
POLCUL
********** POLITICAL CULTURE **********
LEADERS
********** Trust in Leadership **********
notconcerned
The people who run the country are not really concerned with what happens to people like me.
leadersright
Most of the time I can trust the country's national leaders to do what is right.
officialdis
If public officials are not interested in hearing what people like me think, there is really no way to make them listen.
ROL
********** Rule of Law **********
aroundthelaw
It is alright to get around the law as long as you don't actually break it.
ignorelaw
Sometimes it might be better to ignore the law and solve problems immediately rather than wait for a legal solution.
notobeylaw
It is not necessary to obey the laws of a government that I did not vote for.
COURTS
********** Rule of Law **********
sacourts
The rulings of SA courts should be in accordance with the SA Constitution, even if it contradicts the will of the
courtstrust
South Africans courts can generally be trusted to make judgements that are fair towards all South Africans
INSTITUTIONS
********** Institutions **********
conpres
The Presidency: Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
connatgov
National Government: Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
conlocgov
Local Government: Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
conprovgov
Provincial Government: Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
conparl
Parliament: Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
conbigcomp
Big Companies: Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
conpolpart
Political Parties: Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
conprintmed
Print media (newspapers): Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
conbromed
Broadcast media (radio & TV): Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
conrelinst
Religious Institutions: Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
conconcourt
The Constitutional Court: Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
conlegsys
The Legal System in General: Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions?
conpolice
The Police: How much confidence do you have in each of the following institutions?
consahrc
The SA Human Rights Commission: Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions
locgovtrust
My local government can be trusted to deliver the services that one expects from this sphere of government
conpubprotect
Confidence in The Public Protector (added in 2013)
PARLY
********** Parliament **********
parlequal
The South African Parliament treats all people who come before it - black, white, coloured and indian - the same.
parltrust
The South African Parliament can usually be trusted to make decisions that are right for the country as a whole.
parlaway
If the South African Parliament started making a lot of decisions that most people disagree with, it might be better to do away with Parliament altogether.
CITIZEN
********** Citizen Empowerment (added 2011) **********
citizens
Citizens like me have the power to influence decisions made by local government that affect my community.
G4_2
G4. People like me have the power to influence the policies of political parties. (added in 2013)
vote2011
My vote in the 2011 local government elections will make a difference in my community
PROTEST
********** Protest **********
demonstrate
If government was disregarding, violating or going against people's human rights, would it be justified if they took part in demonstrations?
strike
If government was disregarding, violating or going against people's human rights, would it be justified if they joined strikes?
violence
If this did not work, would it be justified if they used force or violent methods, such as damaging public property or taking hostages?
G15_2
G15. Breaking the law as a last resort, when government doesn't listen to your concerns. (added in 2013)
partdemon
Participated in: demonstrations (added 2011)
partstrike
Participated in: strikes (added 2011)
partdamage
Participated in: more forceful measures, like damaging public property (added 2011)
SECURITY
********** HUMAN SECURITY **********
ECONSEC
********** Economic Security **********
econyear
How do you think the economic situation in South Africa will change in the next 12 months? Will it ...?
econ2year
How do you think the economic situation in South Africa will change in the next 24 months? Will it ...?
finsityear
How does your financial situation compare to what it was like 12 months ago? Is it ...
finsitparents
How does your financial situation compare to that of your parents? Is it ...
livconyear
How do your living conditions compare to what they were like 12 months ago? Are they ...
livconparents
How do your living conditions compare to those of your parents? Are they ...
liveconyear
How do your living conditions compare to what they were like 12 months ago? Are they ..
persecon
Personal economic circumstances: to what extent has ... improved or worsened?
ownliving
It is better to have a low-paying full time job than it is to have to make your own living.
livconSA
Comparing your living conditions to those of most other South Africans, do you feel you are...?
livconcomm
How would you describe the living conditions of most people in the community where you live?
livconpers
How would you describe your own living conditions?
DEPEND
********** Dependency (added 2011) **********
dependschool
Depend of government services provided: Public education/schools
dependsaps
Depend of government services provided: The SA Police Services
dependhealth
Depend of government services provided: Public clinics and hospitals
dependpens
Depend of government services provided: Pension/retirement assistance from government
EXPDIS
********** Experiences of discrimination **********
feltdiscrim
Felt discriminated against in past year
reason
Main reason for discrimination
expdiscrim
Where experience discrimination most often
EMPLOY
********** Employment Issues **********
findjobyear
How do the chances of you finding a job compare to what they were like 12 months ago? Are they ...
unemployyear
It is highly likely that I will be unemployed at some stage during the next year.
jobpolicy
The government's policies over the last 12 months have strongly improved the prospects of people like me finding j
EDUC
********** Education Issues **********
edquality
The government's policies over the last 12 months have worsened the quality of education provided to my children o
edhigh
The quality of education your children or the children of friends receive is high.
edprep
The education system prepares your children or the children of friends to find jobs.
PHYSSEC
********** Physical Security **********
safeyear
How do you think the general level of safety of South Africans will change in the next 12 months? Will it ...?
safe2year
How do you think the personal safety of people like you will change during the next two years? Will it ...?
CULTSEC
********** Cultural Security **********
langsupport
In the next 12 months, do you think government support for these many different language and religious groups to practice their language or religion will ...?
langsituation
In the next 12 months, do you think the situation of these many different language and religious groups being able to practice their religion or language without interference will ...?
lang2year
Over the next 2 years, do you think other people's respect for your religious or language group will ...?
relrights
In South Africa, all religious groups enjoy equal rights: to what extent do you agree or disagree ...?
langrec
My mother tongue language gets the recognition it deserves in a democratic South Africa: to what extent do you agree
cultural
The promotion of the rights of other social or cultural groups is done to the detriment of the group that I belong
LANDISS
********** Land Issues **********
land
Believe land or land rights were unfairly taken from me or my immediate family in the past.
removal
Was subject to a forced removal.
landright
Believe I have a right to the land on which I live, even though I do not legally own it.
landclaim
Believe that others might file claim of ownership to my land.
govclaim
Have made a claim before a government agency.
ngoclaim
Have made a claim before a non-governmental agency (such as a church).
ownerclaim
Have made a claim to the owner of the land.
dispute
Have had a dispute with traditional leaders over my rights to the land.
deprived
Deprived of benefits such as water rights, mineral rights, etc.
houseyear
How likely is it that your house, property or land rights will be taken away from you during the next 12 months?
house2year
How likely is it that the houses, properties or land rights of people like you will be taken away from them during
landrest
Little progress has been made in returning land to people that have been evicted under apartheid law
CHANGES
********** Changes since 1994 **********
racerel
Race relations: to what extent has ... improved or worsened?
morval
Moral values: to what extent has ... improved or worsened?
famlife
Family life: to what extent has ... improved or worsened?
richpoor
The gap between rich and poor: to what extent has ... improved or worsened?
empopp
Employment opportunities: to what extent has ... improved or worsened?
hope
Your hope for the future: to what extent has ... improved or worsened?
safety
Your personal safety: to what extent has ... improved or worsened?
econcirc94
How does ... compare to 1994: Personal economic circumstances
HISCONF
********** HISTORICAL CONFRONTATION **********
NATRECON
********** NATIONAL RECONCILIATION **********
apartcrime
Apartheid was a crime against humanity.
atrocities
In the past the state committed horrific atrocities against those struggling against apartheid.
r12_b11_4
B11.4. Many black South Africans are still poor today as a result of the lasting
blackeduc
South Africa has great income differences today because in the past Blacks were not given the same education opportunities as Whites.
trcsuccess
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) succeeded in bringing about reconciliation in South Africa (added 2011)
reconimp
Reconciliation is impossible as long as people who were disadvantaged under apartheid continue to be poor (added 2011)
PERPS
********** Apartheid perpetrators and victims **********
nameperps
People who suffered during apartheid have no right to make public the names and abusive actions of those responsible for their suffering.
punishperps
People who abused others during apartheid must be punished, even if it means going against the decision of the courts.
prosperps
Government has done enough to prosecute perpetrators of apartheid crimes: how much do you agree or disagree with th
supportvic
Government has not done enough to support victims who experienced human rights abuse under apartheid: how much do y
prison
Those who committed crimes under apartheid and did not confess to the TRC should not be released from prison (added 2011)
PERSRECON
********** Personal experiences of reconciliation **********
recondex1
South Africans have made progress in reconciliation since the end of apartheid (added 2011)
recondex_new
My friends and family have experienced reconciliation after the end of ap (added in 2012)
discriminate
I think it is fair that the people who discriminated against others during apartheid feel what it is like to be discriminated against.
recondex
I have experienced reconciliation in my own life (added 2011)
forgetpast
I want to forget about the past and just get on with my life.
forgetpast_new
South Africans should try to forget about apartheid and just move forward (added in 2012)
forgive
I am trying to forgive those who hurt me during apartheid.
forgive_new
It is time to forgive those who hurt others during apartheid. (added in 2012)
MEMORIAL
********** Memorialisation **********
holidays
I celebrate public holidays - at home or at organised events - that commemorate the triumph of a united nation ove
STRSONGS
********** Struggle songs **********
songs
S Africans should be allowed to sing historical songs from before 1994, even if against the constitution (added 2011)
NAMES
********** Renaming **********
renamecost
It is important to rename cities, streets etc. that remind us of apartheid, even if it is expensive (added 2011)
rename
It is important that town and city names reflect the culture of the original inhabitants of that geographic area
politicname
It is acceptable to name cities and towns after prominent political leaders
natmonuments
More national monuments should be erected to commemorate the sacrifices made in the struggle for a non-racial Sout
popmonuments
Individual South African population groups should be encouraged to erect monuments that celebrate their particular
BEE
********** Employment Equity and BEE **********
racecats
The use of racial categories must be retained to measure the impact of government programmes on previously disadvantaged people
reprace
It should be a national priority to make the workforce of each South African institution representative of all races
repgender
It should be a national priority to make the workforce of each South African institution representative of both genders
repability
It should be a national priority to make the workforce of each South African institution representative in terms of Physical Disability
beepolicies
BEE policies have been successful at providing new business opportunities for a broad range of black-owned small a small and medium size businesses
beepolicies_new
BEE is an effective policy for ensuring that more black people participate in the economy. (added in 2012)
beemeaning
There is a common understanding about the meaning of the BEE concept amongst the people that I know
econintervention
More state intervention in the economy is necessary to rectify the injustices of the past
privatecomp
Private companies are making good progress in addressing the inequalities within the business sector
connections
It helps to have strong connections to the ruling party when it comes to obtaining BEE contracts from government
beedebate
Broad public debate on BEE neglects the issue of economic redress for black women
provincerep
Workforce in this province should reflect population makeup of province, not country overall (added 2011)
AFFECT
********** Race affects **********
raceaffjob
Race affects peoples chances of: Getting a job in the public sector
raceaffservice
Race affects peoples chances of: Accessing public services
raceaffprivate
Race affects peoples chances of: Getting a job in the private sector
raceaffschool
Race affects peoples chances of: Accessing educational opportunities at school
raceaffcontract
Race affects peoples chances of: Getting a government contract
raceaffcollege
Race affects peoples chances of: Accessing educational opportunities at college or university
CROSSCUT
********** CROSS-CUTTING POLITICAL RELATIONSHIPS **********
unitdesire
It is desirable to create one united South African nation out of all the different groups who live in this country.
unitposs
It is possible to create one united South African nation out of all the different groups in this country: Please cou
party
I could never imagine being part of a political party made up mainly of (GROUP) people.
worldcup
South Africans are more united after the 2010 Soccer World Cup
DIALOGUE
********** DIALOGUE **********
moreshows
The government should require radio and TV stations to have more shows where South Africans can talk to each other about things like transformation and nation-building.
revealstreet
When interviewed in the street by a reporter for television news: Would you reveal your true thoughts about how rac
revealradio
When phoning in to a radio talk show: Would you reveal your true thoughts about how racial issues affect your life
revealnews
When writing a letter to your local newspaper: Would you reveal your true thoughts about how racial issues affect y
revealweb
When posting a comment on the Internet: Would you reveal your true thoughts about how racial issues affect your lif
debateown
When debating the issue with people from your own racial group: Would you reveal your true thoughts about how racia
debatediff
When debating the issue with people from different racial groups: Would you reveal your true thoughts about how rac
debatehome
How do racial issues affect your life...When talking with family and friends in your home (added 2011)
debatepublic
How do racial issues affect your life...When in a public place, like a school or workplace (added 2011)
GROUP_ASS
************************GROUP ASSOCIATION***************************
identity1
PRIMARY GROUP: When you think of yourself and your daily interaction with others, which group do you associate wi
identity2
SECONDARY GROUP: And which group is the secondary one you feel you belong to?
idimport
How important is this primary identity to you?
feelgood
belonging to this group makes you feel good about yourself: To which extent do you agree that ...
feelimport
belonging to this group makes you feel important: To which extent do you agree that ...
feelsecure
belonging to this group makes you feel secure: To which extent do you agree that ...
diffassoc
Which ONE of the following groups, apart from your own, do you find most difficult to associate with?
RELATIONS
********** RACE RELATIONS **********
grouptalk
On a typical day during the week, whether at work or otherwise, how often do you talk to (GROUP) people?
socialise
When socialising in your own home or the homes of friends, how often do you talk to (GROUP) people?
feeltrap
belonging to this group makes you feel trapped: To which extent do you agree that ...
church
Different churches or religious organisations should start holding some services together so that different South Africans can get to know one another better.
choice
If you had a choice, would you want to talk to (GROUP) people?
choice_NEW5pt
If you had a choice, would you want to talk to [GROUP] people...?
understand
I find it difficult to understand the customs and ways of (GROUP) people.
customs
You want to learn more about the customs and ways of [GROUP] people
untrust
(GROUP) people are untrustworthy.
neighbour
Living in a neighbourhood where half my neighbours are (GROUP) people.
neighbourhood
Living in a neighbourhood where half my neighbours are [GROUP] people.
marry
Having a close relative marry a (GROUP) person.
relmarry
Having a close relative marry a [GROUP] person.
school
Having a (GROUP) person sitting next to my child, or the child of a family member, at school.
sitschool
Having a [GROUP] person sitting next to my child, or the child of a family member, at school
workfor
Having to work for and take instructions from a [GROUP IN Q.K78] person
DIVISION
**************************SOCIAL DIVISIONS*****************************
division1
FIRST MENTION: What is the biggest division in South Africa today?
division2
SECOND MENTION: Which would you say is the second biggest division in South Africa today?
division2_re
SECOND MENTION: And, which would you say is the second biggest division in South Africa today?
party_b
You could never imagine being part of a political party made up mainly of (2012)
party_c
You could never imagine being part of a political party made up mainly of (2012)
party_i
You could never imagine being part of a political party made up mainly of (2012)
party_w
You could never imagine being part of a political party made up mainly of (2012)
grouptalk_b
On a typical day, how often do you talk to White, Indian or Coloured people (2012)
grouptalk_c
On a typical day, how often do you talk to White, Black or Indian people (2012)
grouptalk_i
On a typical day, how often do you talk to White, Black or Coloured people (2012)
grouptalk_w
On a typical day, how often do you talk to Black, Coloured or Indian people (2012)
socialise_b
When socialising, how often do you talk to White, Indian or Coloured peopl (2012)
socialise_c
When socialising, how often do you talk to White, Black or Indian people? (2012)
socialise_i
When socialising, how often do you talk to White, Black or Coloured people (2012)
socialise_w
When socialising, how often do you talk to Black, Coloured or Indian peopl (2012)
choice_b
If you had a choice, would you want to talk to White, Indian or Coloured pe (2012)
choice_c
If you had a choice, would you want to talk to White, Black or Indian peopl (2012)
choice_i
If you had a choice, would you want to talk to White, Black or Coloured peo (2012)
choice_w
If you had a choice, would you want to talk to Black, Coloured or Indian pe (2012)
understand_b
You find it difficult to understand the customs and ways of White, Indian (2012)
understand_c
You find it difficult to understand the customs and ways of White, Black
understand_i
You find it difficult to understand the customs and ways of White, Black
understand_w
You find it difficult to understand the customs and ways of Black, Colour
customs_b
You want to learn more about the customs and ways of White, Indian or Col
customs_c
You want to learn more about the customs and ways of White, Black or Indi
customs_i
You want to learn more about the customs and ways of White, Black or Colo
customs_w
You want to learn more about the customs and ways of Black, Coloured or I
untrust_b
White, Indian or Coloured people are untrustworthy.
untrust_c
White, Black or Indian people are untrustworthy.
untrust_i
White, Black or Coloured people are untrustworthy.
untrust_w
Black, Coloured or Indian people are untrustworthy.
neighbourhood_b
Living in a neighbourhood where half of your neighbours are Black people
neighbourhood_c
Living in a neighbourhood where half of your neighbours are Coloured people
neighbourhood_i
Living in a neighbourhood where half of your neighbours are Indian people
neighbourhood_w
Living in a neighbourhood where half of your neighbours are White people
relmarry_b
Having a close relative marry a Black person
relmarry_c
Having a close relative marry a Coloured person
relmarry_i
Having a close relative marry a Indian person
relmarry_w
Having a close relative marry a White person
sitschool_b
Having a Black person sitting next to my child, or the child of a family
sitschool_c
Having a Coloured person sitting next to my child, or the child of a fami
sitschool_i
Having a Indian person sitting next to my child, or the child of a family
sitschool_w
Having a White person sitting next to my child, or the child of a family
workfor_b
Having to work for and take instructions from a Black person
workfor_c
Having to work for and take instructions from a Coloured person
workfor_i
Having to work for and take instructions from a Indian person
workfor_w
Having to work for and take instructions from a White person
PROSPERITY
********** Prosperity **********
prosped
Level of Education: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity of or
prospwork
Hard Work: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity of ordinary So
prosprel
Religious Belief: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity of ordi
prospfam
Family: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity of ordinary South
prospexp
Work experience: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity of ordin
prosprace
Race: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity of ordinary South A
prospheal
Health: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity of ordinary South
prospconn
Political Connections: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity of
prospluck
Luck: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity of ordinary South A
prospclass
Social class of parents: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity
prosploc
Location (urban or rural): To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperit
prospgen
Gender: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity of ordinary South
prospapart
The legacy of apartheid: To what extent do you believe does each of these items influence the personal prosperity
Total: 1181
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