ddi-zaf-ijr-sarb-2003-2011-v1.1 South African Reconciliation Barometer 2003-2011 DataFirst 2025-04-02 NADA Version 3 South African Reconciliation Barometer 2023, Round 18 SARB 2023 zaf-ijr-sarb-2023-v1 Institute for Justice and Reconciliation MetadataEditor Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency DataFirst Support Public Opinion Survey Version 1: Edited, anonymised data for public distribution South Africa The lowest level of geographic aggregation of the data is Province. Survey data Ipsos-Markinor Face-to-face DataFirst sarb-2023-r18-v1 2006 237 ID - Respondent ID 2006 1592 23536 16572.825 6718.731 Day - Day of interview 2006 1 31 20.596 7.408 Month - Month of interview 2006 8 August 9 September Prov Province respondent lives in 2006 1 Eastern Cape 2 Free State 3 Gauteng 4 KwaZulu Natal 5 Limpopo 6 Mpumalanga 7 Northern Cape 8 North West 9 Western Cape HH_CA Household Count - Adults (18+) 2006 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 HH_CB Household Count - All (including children) 2006 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 S27 Race of respondent 2006 1 Black 2 Coloured 3 Indian 4 White Q1 What is your age? 2006 18 120 42.078 14.886 Q1_re What is your age? (categories) 2006 1 18 - 24 2 25 - 34 3 35 - 44 4 45 - 54 5 55+ Q2 What is the primary language you speak in your home now? 2006 1 English 2 Afrikaans 3 Ndebele 4 isiXhosa 5 Sepedi 6 Sesotho 7 Setswana 8 Shangaan 9 Swazi 10 Venda 11 isiZulu 996 Other Q3 In terms of your gender, do you describe yourself as a man, a woman or in some other way? 2006 1 Man 2 Woman 3 Non-binary or gender fluid 4 Transgender 996 Other 998 Refused Q4_A Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family… Gone without enough food to eat? 2006 1 Never 2 Just once or twice 3 Several times 4 Many times 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q4_B Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family… Gone without clean water for home use? 2006 1 Never 2 Just once or twice 3 Several times 4 Many times 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q4_C Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family… Gone without medicines or medical treatment? 2006 1 Never 2 Just once or twice 3 Several times 4 Many times 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q4_D Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family… Gone without enough fuel to cook your food? 2006 1 Never 2 Just once or twice 3 Several times 4 Many times 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q4_E Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family… Gone without a cash income? 2006 1 Never 2 Just once or twice 3 Several times 4 Many times 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q4_F Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family… Gone without electricity in your home (excl. load shedding)? 2006 1 Never 2 Just once or twice 3 Several times 4 Many times 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q4_G Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family… Gone without internet access (excl. load shedding)? 2006 1 Never 2 Just once or twice 3 Several times 4 Many times 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q5_A How would you regard your situation when compared to others? Is it much worse, worse, the same, better or much better? In relation to the rest of the community, your household conditions are… 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q5_B How would you regard your situation when compared to others? Is it much worse, worse, the same, better or much better? In relation to the rest of South Africa, your household conditions are… 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q5_C How would you regard your situation when compared to others? Is it much worse, worse, the same, better or much better? In relation to your parents’ lives, your household conditions are… 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q5_D How would you regard your situation when compared to others? Is it much worse, worse, the same, better or much better? How do these living conditions of you and your family compare to what they were like 2-3 years ago? 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q5_E How would you regard your situation when compared to others? Is it much worse, worse, the same, better or much better? How are these living conditions of you and your family likely to change in the NEXT 2-3 years? Will they get… 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q6_A How would you regard your situation when compared to others? ? Is it much worse, worse, the same, better or much better? In relation to the rest of the community, your financial situation is… 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q6_B How would you regard your situation when compared to others? ? Is it much worse, worse, the same, better or much better? In relation to the rest of South Africa, your financial situation is… 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q6_C How would you regard your situation when compared to others? ? Is it much worse, worse, the same, better or much better? In relation to your parents’ lives, your financial situation is… 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q6_D How would you regard your situation when compared to others? ? Is it much worse, worse, the same, better or much better? How does your financial situation and that of your family compare to what it was like 2-3 years ago? 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q6_E How would you regard your situation when compared to others? ? Is it much worse, worse, the same, better or much better? How is your financial situation and that of your family likely to change in the NEXT 2-3 years? Will they get… 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q7_A Please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about politics and voting. You don’t consider yourself well qualified to participate in issues affecting your country. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q7_B Please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about politics and voting. You don’t feel you have a good understanding of the important issues affecting our country. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q7_C Please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about politics and voting. You don’t think you are as well informed as most people about issues affecting our country. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q7_D Please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about politics and voting. The people should have the final say on important political issues by voting on them directly in referendums. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q7_E Please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about politics and voting. The people, not the politicians, should make our most important policy decisions. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q7_F Please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about politics and voting. The politicians in Parliament always need to follow the will of the people. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q7_G Please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about politics and voting. Ordinary South Africans can only rely on each other, rather than political elites. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q8_A Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. Please tell me if you have personally done any of these things during the past year. Attended a community meeting 2006 1 No, and would never do this 2 No, but I would if I had the opportunity 3 Once or twice 4 Several times 5 Often 6 Very often 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q8_B Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. Please tell me if you have personally done any of these things during the past year. Got together with others to raise an issue 2006 1 No, and would never do this 2 No, but I would if I had the opportunity 3 Once or twice 4 Several times 5 Often 6 Very often 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q8_C Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. Please tell me if you have personally done any of these things during the past year. Contacted radio, TV, or a newspaper to complain about an issue 2006 1 No, and would never do this 2 No, but I would if I had the opportunity 3 Once or twice 4 Several times 5 Often 6 Very often 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q8_D Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. Please tell me if you have personally done any of these things during the past year. Contacted your local councillor or other community leaders about an issue 2006 1 No, and would never do this 2 No, but I would if I had the opportunity 3 Once or twice 4 Several times 5 Often 6 Very often 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q8_E Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. Please tell me if you have personally done any of these things during the past year. Shared political content on social media (e.g. Facebook or Twitter) 2006 1 No, and would never do this 2 No, but I would if I had the opportunity 3 Once or twice 4 Several times 5 Often 6 Very often 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q8_F Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. Please tell me if you have personally done any of these things during the past year. Signed a petition (online or hardcopy) 2006 1 No, and would never do this 2 No, but I would if I had the opportunity 3 Once or twice 4 Several times 5 Often 6 Very often 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q8_G Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. Please tell me if you have personally done any of these things during the past year. Refused to pay a tax or a fee to the government 2006 1 No, and would never do this 2 No, but I would if I had the opportunity 3 Once or twice 4 Several times 5 Often 6 Very often 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q8_H Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. Please tell me if you have personally done any of these things during the past year. Used force or violence for a political cause 2006 1 No, and would never do this 2 No, but I would if I had the opportunity 3 Once or twice 4 Several times 5 Often 6 Very often 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q9_A How much do you trust the following sources of political information and news? Radio 2006 1 Not at all 2 A little 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q9_B How much do you trust the following sources of political information and news? Television 2006 1 Not at all 2 A little 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q9_C How much do you trust the following sources of political information and news? Print newspapers 2006 1 Not at all 2 A little 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q9_D How much do you trust the following sources of political information and news? Internet (news and other websites, not social media) 2006 1 Not at all 2 A little 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q9_E How much do you trust the following sources of political information and news? Social media such as Facebook and Twitter 2006 1 Not at all 2 A little 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q9_F How much do you trust the following sources of political information and news? Friends and family 2006 1 Not at all 2 A little 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q10_A To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media? People should be allowed to express any political view that they have on social media 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q10_B To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media? Social media is effective in keeping those in power accountable 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q10_C To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media? Social media gives ordinary people a voice 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q10_D To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media? Government should be allowed to close down social media platforms when they feel that it undermines political stability 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q10_E To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media? Government should be allowed to close down internet messaging services when they feel that it undermines political stability 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q10_F To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media? The government should be allowed to monitor my activities on social media 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_A Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? The President 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_B Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? The Deputy President 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_C Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? National government 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_D Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Provincial government 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_E Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Local government 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_F Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Constitutional Court 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_G Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Legal system in general 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_H Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? South African Police Services (SAPS) / the police 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_I Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Public Protector 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_J Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Parliament 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_K Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_L Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? South African Revenue Service (SARS) 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_M Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? SABC media (radio and TV) 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_N Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? African National Congress (ANC) 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_O Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Democratic Alliance (DA) 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_P Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_Q Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Religious leaders 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q11_R Please indicate how much confidence you have in each of the following institutions, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Large corporations / big business 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q12_A Please tell me whether you strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements. Corrupt government officials often get away with it 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q12_B Please tell me whether you strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements. Most politicians have no real will to fight corruption 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q12_C Please tell me whether you strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements. Corruption affects ordinary people more than it does decision makers 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q12_D Please tell me whether you strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements. Government is effective in addressing corruption in South Africa 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q13_A To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about leadership in this country? The people who run the country are not really concerned with what happens to people like me. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q13_B To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about leadership in this country? Most of the time I find it difficult to trust the country’s national leaders to do what is right. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q14_A How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about employment and the workforce? It should be a national priority to make the workforce representative of all races. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q14_B How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about employment and the workforce? It should be a national priority to make the workforce representative in terms of gender. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q14_C How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about employment and the workforce? It should be a national priority to make the workforce representative in terms of physical ability and disability. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q14_D How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about employment and the workforce? Employment Equity policies have not gone far enough in terms of transformation and must be strengthened. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q15_A How would you say the following has changed since 1994, when the country became a democracy? Your personal safety and that of your family 2006 1 Worsened a great deal 2 Worsened somewhat 3 Stayed the same 4 Improved somewhat 5 Improved a great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q15_B How would you say the following has changed since 1994, when the country became a democracy? Economic circumstances for you and your family 2006 1 Worsened a great deal 2 Worsened somewhat 3 Stayed the same 4 Improved somewhat 5 Improved a great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q15_C How would you say the following has changed since 1994, when the country became a democracy? Employment opportunities for you and your family 2006 1 Worsened a great deal 2 Worsened somewhat 3 Stayed the same 4 Improved somewhat 5 Improved a great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q15_D How would you say the following has changed since 1994, when the country became a democracy? Hope for the future for you and your family 2006 1 Worsened a great deal 2 Worsened somewhat 3 Stayed the same 4 Improved somewhat 5 Improved a great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q15_E How would you say the following has changed since 1994, when the country became a democracy? Relations between people of different races 2006 1 Worsened a great deal 2 Worsened somewhat 3 Stayed the same 4 Improved somewhat 5 Improved a great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q15_F How would you say the following has changed since 1994, when the country became a democracy? The gap between rich and poor 2006 1 Worsened a great deal 2 Worsened somewhat 3 Stayed the same 4 Improved somewhat 5 Improved a great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q15_G How would you say the following has changed since 1994, when the country became a democracy? Levels of corruption in the country 2006 1 Worsened a great deal 2 Worsened somewhat 3 Stayed the same 4 Improved somewhat 5 Improved a great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q16_A Looking ahead to the future, how are these likely to change in the NEXT 2-3 years? Will they get… Your personal safety and that of your family 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q16_B Looking ahead to the future, how are these likely to change in the NEXT 2-3 years? Will they get… Economic circumstances for you and your family 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q16_C Looking ahead to the future, how are these likely to change in the NEXT 2-3 years? Will they get… Employment opportunities for you and your family 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q16_D Looking ahead to the future, how are these likely to change in the NEXT 2-3 years? Will they get… Hope for the future for you and your family 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q16_E Looking ahead to the future, how are these likely to change in the NEXT 2-3 years? Will they get… Relations between people of different races 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q16_F Looking ahead to the future, how are these likely to change in the NEXT 2-3 years? Will they get… The gap between rich and poor 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q16_G Looking ahead to the future, how are these likely to change in the NEXT 2-3 years? Will they get… Levels of corruption in the country 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q17 Some people might think the country is going in the wrong direction today. Others may feel it is going in the right direction. So let me ask you: would you say that the country is going: 2006 1 Mostly in the wrong direction 2 Somewhat in the wrong direction 3 Neither the wrong or right direction 4 Somewhat in the right direction 5 Mostly in the right direction 6 Difficult to say 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q18_A In South Africa, different groups of people have different amounts of political and economic power. Thinking about these groups of people, who do you believe has the most… Economic power 2006 1 The majority of white people 2 A small group of white elites 3 The majority of black people 4 A small group of black elites 5 A small group of elites from various race groups 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q18_B In South Africa, different groups of people have different amounts of political and economic power. Thinking about these groups of people, who do you believe has the most… Political power 2006 1 The majority of white people 2 A small group of white elites 3 The majority of black people 4 A small group of black elites 5 A small group of elites from various race groups 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q19_A Thinking about your ability to influence the circumstances of you and your community, how do you feel about the amount of economic and political power that you have? Economic power 2006 1 Very dissatisfied 2 Dissatisfied 3 Neutral 4 Satisfied 5 Very satisfied 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q19_B Thinking about your ability to influence the circumstances of you and your community, how do you feel about the amount of economic and political power that you have? Political power 2006 1 Very dissatisfied 2 Dissatisfied 3 Neutral 4 Satisfied 5 Very satisfied 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q20_A How much do you know or have you heard about each of the following? Is it not at all, not very much, some, quite a lot or a great deal? Colonialism in South Africa 2006 1 Not at all 2 Very little 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q20_B How much do you know or have you heard about each of the following? Is it not at all, not very much, some, quite a lot or a great deal? Apartheid 2006 1 Not at all 2 Very little 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q20_C How much do you know or have you heard about each of the following? Is it not at all, not very much, some, quite a lot or a great deal? The transition to democracy in 1994 2006 1 Not at all 2 Very little 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q20_D How much do you know or have you heard about each of the following? Is it not at all, not very much, some, quite a lot or a great deal? The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) 2006 1 Not at all 2 Very little 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q21_A How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about the past? The apartheid government oppressed the majority of South Africans. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q21_B How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about the past? Under apartheid, black South Africans (this includes Black African, Indian and Coloured people) were deprived of quality education. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q21_C How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about the past? Under apartheid, black South Africans were deprived of land and property ownership. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q21_D How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about the past? Under apartheid, black South Africans (this includes Black African, Indian and Coloured people) were deprived of earning proper livelihoods. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q21_E How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about the past? The apartheid government committed terrible crimes against those struggling against apartheid. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q21_F How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about the past? Under apartheid, black South Africans (this includes Black African, Indian and Coloured people) suffered violence because of their race. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q21_G How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about the past? Apartheid was a crime against humanity. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q22_A For each of the following statements, please tell me how much effect you think apartheid has had on the situation in South Africa today. Lack of racial integration in residential areas 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q22_B For each of the following statements, please tell me how much effect you think apartheid has had on the situation in South Africa today. High rates of poverty among black South Africans black South Africans 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q22_C For each of the following statements, please tell me how much effect you think apartheid has had on the situation in South Africa today. Greater wealth among white South Africans 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q22_D For each of the following statements, please tell me how much effect you think apartheid has had on the situation in South Africa today. Higher levels of land and property ownership among white South Africans 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q23_A In thinking about the goals you have in your life, how much do you agree or disagree with each the following statements? I have access to the financial resources I need to achieve my goals. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q23_B In thinking about the goals you have in your life, how much do you agree or disagree with each the following statements? I have access to groups of people who can help me achieve my goals. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q23_C In thinking about the goals you have in your life, how much do you agree or disagree with each the following statements? I have the education I need to achieve my goals 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q23_D In thinking about the goals you have in your life, how much do you agree or disagree with each the following statements? I can easily get (or travel) to the places I need to in order to achieve my goals 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q24 Generally speaking, would you say that you are trusting or distrusting of people? 2006 1 Very distrusting 2 Distrusting 3 Neither trusting nor distrusting 4 Trusting 5 Very trusting 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q25_A How much do you trust the following groups of people? Is it not at all, not very much, somewhat, quite a lot or a great deal? Your relatives 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q25_B How much do you trust the following groups of people? Is it not at all, not very much, somewhat, quite a lot or a great deal? Your neighbours (in your immediate and local community) 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q25_C How much do you trust the following groups of people? Is it not at all, not very much, somewhat, quite a lot or a great deal? Your colleagues (at work, or studying etc.) 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q25_D How much do you trust the following groups of people? Is it not at all, not very much, somewhat, quite a lot or a great deal? Other race groups 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q25_E How much do you trust the following groups of people? Is it not at all, not very much, somewhat, quite a lot or a great deal? Other language groups 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q25_F How much do you trust the following groups of people? Is it not at all, not very much, somewhat, quite a lot or a great deal? People who practice a different religion than your own 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q25_G How much do you trust the following groups of people? Is it not at all, not very much, somewhat, quite a lot or a great deal? People with a different sexual orientation than your own 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q25_H How much do you trust the following groups of people? Is it not at all, not very much, somewhat, quite a lot or a great deal? Foreign nationals from other African countries living in South Africa 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q25_I How much do you trust the following groups of people? Is it not at all, not very much, somewhat, quite a lot or a great deal? Foreign nationals not from African countries living in South Africa 2006 1 Not at all 2 Not very much 3 Somewhat 4 Quite a lot 5 A great deal 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q26_A Thinking about yourself as a South African, please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following. Being a South African is an important part of how you see yourself. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q26_B Thinking about yourself as a South African, please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following. People should realise we are South Africans first, and not think of themselves in terms of other groups they belong to. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q26_C Thinking about yourself as a South African, please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following. You would want your children to think of themselves as South African. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q26_D Thinking about yourself as a South African, please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following. It is desirable to create one united South African nation out of all the different groups who live in this country. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q26_E Thinking about yourself as a South African, please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following. It is possible to create one united South African nation out of all the different groups who live in this country. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q26_F Thinking about yourself as a South African, please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following. Even though we have differences, there is more that unites us as South Africans than keeps us apart. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q27_A Please can you tell me how likely you are to prevent people who have come here from other African countries from… Moving into your neighbourhood 2006 1 Very likely 2 Likely 3 Neutral 4 Unlikely 5 Very unlikely 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q27_B Please can you tell me how likely you are to prevent people who have come here from other African countries from… Operating a business in your area 2006 1 Very likely 2 Likely 3 Neutral 4 Unlikely 5 Very unlikely 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q27_C Please can you tell me how likely you are to prevent people who have come here from other African countries from… Accessing government services 2006 1 Very likely 2 Likely 3 Neutral 4 Unlikely 5 Very unlikely 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q27_D Please can you tell me how likely you are to prevent people who have come here from other African countries from… Accessing jobs 2006 1 Very likely 2 Likely 3 Neutral 4 Unlikely 5 Very unlikely 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q28_A When you think of yourself and your daily interaction with others, which group do you associate with most strongly? Those who… 2006 1 Speak the same language – mother tongue – as I do 2 Belong to the same racial group as I do 3 Those who are in the same economic class as I am 4 Those who practise and follow the same religion as I do 5 Those who support the same political party as I do 6 Those who regard themselves primarily as South Africans 7 None (no specific group) 996 Other 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q28_A_Other When you think of yourself and your daily interaction with others, which group do you associate with most strongly? Those who… [Other] 7 Am comfortable with person whos comfortable to me Anyone who do his duty to uplift the country Neighbours People in my neighbourhood Same age as me Same as me Those who consider themself people and equals Q28_B Apart from this one, which would you say is the second group you associate with most strongly? 1702 304 1 Speak the same language – mother tongue – as I do 2 Belong to the same racial group as I do 3 Those who are in the same economic class as I am 4 Those who practise and follow the same religion as I do 5 Those who support the same political party as I do 6 Those who regard themselves primarily as South Africans 7 None (no specific group) 996 Other 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q28_B_Other Apart from this one, which would you say is the second group you associate with most strongly? [Other] 5 Community member Even foreigners People I drink with People who support support different soccer teams Those I interact with in my daily activities Q29 Thinking of the group you associate with most strongly. How important is this to you? 1702 304 1 Not at all important 2 Not very important 3 Somewhat important 4 Very important 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q30_A Thinking of the group you associate with most strongly, would you say that belonging to those who Makes you feel good about yourself 1702 304 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q30_B Thinking of the group you associate with most strongly, would you say that belonging to those who Makes you feel important 1702 304 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q30_C Thinking of the group you associate with most strongly, would you say that belonging to those who Makes you feel secure 1702 304 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q31 Excluding your own race group, which one race group do you find most difficult to associate with? 2006 1 Black people 2 White people 3 Indian|Asian people 4 Coloured people 5 Do not have difficulties associating with people of any rac 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q32_A Please think of the group you mentioned as most difficult to associate with in the previous question. Living in a neighbourhood where half or more of your neighbours are people from the group you mentioned. 802 1204 1 Strongly approve 2 Approve 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 4 Disapprove 5 Strongly disapprove 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q32_B Please think of the group you mentioned as most difficult to associate with in the previous question. Having a person from the group you mentioned sitting next to your child, or the child of a family member, at school. 802 1204 1 Strongly approve 2 Approve 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 4 Disapprove 5 Strongly disapprove 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q32_C Please think of the group you mentioned as most difficult to associate with in the previous question. Having your child, or the child of a family member, taught by a person from the group you mentioned at school. 802 1204 1 Strongly approve 2 Approve 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 4 Disapprove 5 Strongly disapprove 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q32_D Please think of the group you mentioned as most difficult to associate with in the previous question. Having to work for and take instructions from a person from the group you mentioned. 802 1204 1 Strongly approve 2 Approve 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 4 Disapprove 5 Strongly disapprove 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q32_E Please think of the group you mentioned as most difficult to associate with in the previous question. Having a close relative marry a person from the group you mentioned. 802 1204 1 Strongly approve 2 Approve 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 4 Disapprove 5 Strongly disapprove 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q32_F Please think of the group you mentioned as most difficult to associate with in the previous question. Being treated by a doctor from the group you mentioned in an emergency situation. 802 1204 1 Strongly approve 2 Approve 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 4 Disapprove 5 Strongly disapprove 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q33_A Thinking about a typical day in the past month, how often did you: Interact or talk to someone who is a different race to you? 2006 1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Often 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q33_B Thinking about a typical day in the past month, how often did you: Socialise in your own home or the homes of friends with people of other races? 2006 1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Often 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q34 If you had the choice, how much would you want to interact with people of different race groups? 2006 1 More often 2 About the same as now 3 Less often 4 Never 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q35_1 In general, what may prevent you from talking to people of different race groups? Coded response 1 2006 1 25 1 Opportunities to talk; engage: do not live in the same area 2 Your willingness to talk; engage: I do not care about other 3 Your confidence: They might be rude; might find me disgusti 4 Fear; anxiety: Scared of them; Bullying; Violent; Crime; Wa 5 No common ground: Different traditions; religions; cultures 6 Language barriers: Do not speak the same language; Communic 7 Negative prior experiences 8 Nothing prevents me [DNR]: I can communicate with anyone; D 9 Do not like racist people: Racism; They hate black; white p 10 Discrimination: When they discriminate; Judgemental; Prejud 11 They look down at us: Think they are better; do not want to 12 No respect: Disrespect; Lack of respect 13 Not trustworthy: Do not trust them; not honest; Corrupt 14 Rudeness: Bad treatment; Abusive 15 Criminals: Kill people; Drug dealers; Always fight; Abuse k 16 Arrogance: Attitude 17 Undermine others 18 Apartheid: They killed us; stole our land; our dignity; The 19 Hatred: Between races; hate crimes; Do not like us 20 No faith: Do not have faith in me 21 Selfish: Treat us unfairly; Greed 22 Privilege: They were born wealthy; we cannot relate; we lac 23 Foreigners: Foreign nationalists; Chinese; Asian 24 Other 25 Do not know: Nothing to say; no reason; No comment; Refuse; Q35_2 In general, what may prevent you from talking to people of different race groups? Coded response 2 846 1160 2 25 1 Opportunities to talk; engage: do not live in the same area 2 Your willingness to talk; engage: I do not care about other 3 Your confidence: They might be rude; might find me disgusti 4 Fear; anxiety: Scared of them; Bullying; Violent; Crime; Wa 5 No common ground: Different traditions; religions; cultures 6 Language barriers: Do not speak the same language; Communic 7 Negative prior experiences 8 Nothing prevents me [DNR]: I can communicate with anyone; D 9 Do not like racist people: Racism; They hate black; white p 10 Discrimination: When they discriminate; Judgemental; Prejud 11 They look down at us: Think they are better; do not want to 12 No respect: Disrespect; Lack of respect 13 Not trustworthy: Do not trust them; not honest; Corrupt 14 Rudeness: Bad treatment; Abusive 15 Criminals: Kill people; Drug dealers; Always fight; Abuse k 16 Arrogance: Attitude 17 Undermine others 18 Apartheid: They killed us; stole our land; our dignity; The 19 Hatred: Between races; hate crimes; Do not like us 20 No faith: Do not have faith in me 21 Selfish: Treat us unfairly; Greed 22 Privilege: They were born wealthy; we cannot relate; we lac 23 Foreigners: Foreign nationalists; Chinese; Asian 24 Other 25 Do not know: Nothing to say; no reason; No comment; Refuse; Q35_3 In general, what may prevent you from talking to people of different race groups? Coded response 3 133 1873 1 Opportunities to talk; engage: do not live in the same area 2 Your willingness to talk; engage: I do not care about other 3 Your confidence: They might be rude; might find me disgusti 4 Fear; anxiety: Scared of them; Bullying; Violent; Crime; Wa 5 No common ground: Different traditions; religions; cultures 6 Language barriers: Do not speak the same language; Communic 7 Negative prior experiences 8 Nothing prevents me [DNR]: I can communicate with anyone; D 9 Do not like racist people: Racism; They hate black; white p 10 Discrimination: When they discriminate; Judgemental; Prejud 11 They look down at us: Think they are better; do not want to 12 No respect: Disrespect; Lack of respect 13 Not trustworthy: Do not trust them; not honest; Corrupt 14 Rudeness: Bad treatment; Abusive 15 Criminals: Kill people; Drug dealers; Always fight; Abuse k 16 Arrogance: Attitude 17 Undermine others 18 Apartheid: They killed us; stole our land; our dignity; The 19 Hatred: Between races; hate crimes; Do not like us 20 No faith: Do not have faith in me 21 Selfish: Treat us unfairly; Greed 22 Privilege: They were born wealthy; we cannot relate; we lac 23 Foreigners: Foreign nationalists; Chinese; Asian 24 Other 25 Do not know: Nothing to say; no reason; No comment; Refuse; Sysmiss Q35_4 In general, what may prevent you from talking to people of different race groups? Coded response 4 20 1986 12 23 1 Opportunities to talk; engage: do not live in the same area 2 Your willingness to talk; engage: I do not care about other 3 Your confidence: They might be rude; might find me disgusti 4 Fear; anxiety: Scared of them; Bullying; Violent; Crime; Wa 5 No common ground: Different traditions; religions; cultures 6 Language barriers: Do not speak the same language; Communic 7 Negative prior experiences 8 Nothing prevents me [DNR]: I can communicate with anyone; D 9 Do not like racist people: Racism; They hate black; white p 10 Discrimination: When they discriminate; Judgemental; Prejud 11 They look down at us: Think they are better; do not want to 12 No respect: Disrespect; Lack of respect 13 Not trustworthy: Do not trust them; not honest; Corrupt 14 Rudeness: Bad treatment; Abusive 15 Criminals: Kill people; Drug dealers; Always fight; Abuse k 16 Arrogance: Attitude 17 Undermine others 18 Apartheid: They killed us; stole our land; our dignity; The 19 Hatred: Between races; hate crimes; Do not like us 20 No faith: Do not have faith in me 21 Selfish: Treat us unfairly; Greed 22 Privilege: They were born wealthy; we cannot relate; we lac 23 Foreigners: Foreign nationalists; Chinese; Asian 24 Other 25 Do not know: Nothing to say; no reason; No comment; Refuse; Q35_5 In general, what may prevent you from talking to people of different race groups? Coded response 5 2 2004 17 21 1 Opportunities to talk; engage: do not live in the same area 2 Your willingness to talk; engage: I do not care about other 3 Your confidence: They might be rude; might find me disgusti 4 Fear; anxiety: Scared of them; Bullying; Violent; Crime; Wa 5 No common ground: Different traditions; religions; cultures 6 Language barriers: Do not speak the same language; Communic 7 Negative prior experiences 8 Nothing prevents me [DNR]: I can communicate with anyone; D 9 Do not like racist people: Racism; They hate black; white p 10 Discrimination: When they discriminate; Judgemental; Prejud 11 They look down at us: Think they are better; do not want to 12 No respect: Disrespect; Lack of respect 13 Not trustworthy: Do not trust them; not honest; Corrupt 14 Rudeness: Bad treatment; Abusive 15 Criminals: Kill people; Drug dealers; Always fight; Abuse k 16 Arrogance: Attitude 17 Undermine others 18 Apartheid: They killed us; stole our land; our dignity; The 19 Hatred: Between races; hate crimes; Do not like us 20 No faith: Do not have faith in me 21 Selfish: Treat us unfairly; Greed 22 Privilege: They were born wealthy; we cannot relate; we lac 23 Foreigners: Foreign nationalists; Chinese; Asian 24 Other 25 Do not know: Nothing to say; no reason; No comment; Refuse; Q36_A The Constitution requires the government to protect the rights of all citizens. My mother tongue language gets the respect it deserves in South Africa today. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q36_B The Constitution requires the government to protect the rights of all citizens. How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements: My religious group gets the respect it deserves in South Africa today. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q36_C The Constitution requires the government to protect the rights of all citizens. How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements: My cultural group gets the respect it deserves in South Africa today. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q37_A Thinking about the future, over the NEXT 5 years do you think each of the following will get a lot worse, get a little worse, stay about the same, get a little better or get a lot better? Respect for your mother tongue language 2006 1 Get a lot worse 2 Get a little worse 3 Stay about the same 4 Get a little better 5 Get a lot better 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q37_B Thinking about the future, over the NEXT 5 years do you think each of the following will get a lot worse, get a little worse, stay about the same, get a little better or get a lot better? Respect for your religious group 2006 1 Get a lot worse 2 Get a little worse 3 Stay about the same 4 Get a little better 5 Get a lot better 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q37_C Thinking about the future, over the NEXT 5 years do you think each of the following will get a lot worse, get a little worse, stay about the same, get a little better or get a lot better? Respect for your cultural group 2006 1 Get a lot worse 2 Get a little worse 3 Stay about the same 4 Get a little better 5 Get a lot better 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q38_A Please indicate whether you strongly agree, agree, neither disagree nor agree, disagree or strongly disagree. In our country today, people of different genders: Have equal opportunities to earn an income in some way 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q38_B Please indicate whether you strongly agree, agree, neither disagree nor agree, disagree or strongly disagree. In our country today, people of different genders: Enjoy the same protection under the law 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q38_C Please indicate whether you strongly agree, agree, neither disagree nor agree, disagree or strongly disagree. In our country today, people of different genders: Have the same rights 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q39_A In your day-to-day life, how often have any of the following things happened to you? You are treated with less courtesy or respect than other people. 2006 1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Often 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q39_B In your day-to-day life, how often have any of the following things happened to you? You receive poorer service than other people in commercial and retail places (such as shops and malls). 2006 1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Often 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q39_C In your day-to-day life, how often have any of the following things happened to you? You receive poorer service than other people in public places, such as government offices and clinics. 2006 1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Often 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q39_D In your day-to-day life, how often have any of the following things happened to you? People act as if they think you are not smart. 2006 1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Often 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q39_E In your day-to-day life, how often have any of the following things happened to you? People act as if they are afraid of you. 2006 1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Often 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q39_F In your day-to-day life, how often have any of the following things happened to you? You are threatened or harassed. 2006 1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Often 5 Always 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q40_1 If any of the previously mentioned experiences have happened to you, what do you think was the main reason that these experiences happened to you? Coded response 1 2006 1 25 1 Other 2 I have never had these experiences 3 No specific reasons given; unclear; Do not want to talk abo 4 Do not know 5 Bad treatment at government - especially clinics; no intere 6 Corruption; Nepotism; Lack of service delivery by governmen 7 Disrespect; No manners; Lack of respect; Rude without a rea 8 Race; Nationality 9 Language 10 Age 11 Gender 12 Education level; Knowledge; Think I am stupid; They think t 13 Financial status; being poor; low standard of living; being 14 Working status; Unemployment; The work I do 15 My appearance - not specified; Way I dress; Disability 16 Discrimination (not specified); Inequality; Unfairness; Wil 17 Cruelty; jealousy; they feel intimidated; being undermined 18 I am always friendly; respectful; Walk away from such a sit 19 I am a serious person; I stand up for myself; Have strong v 20 Because I am a quiet person; Introvert; Do not socialize 21 Violence; Level of Crime; Stealing from me 22 Others think they are better than you 23 It should be reported; Will report it 24 Religion; culture; Because of my lifestyle choices; gamblin 25 The political party I support; political Q40_2 If any of the previously mentioned experiences have happened to you, what do you think was the main reason that these experiences happened to you? Coded response 2 618 1388 1 Other 2 I have never had these experiences 3 No specific reasons given; unclear; Do not want to talk abo 4 Do not know 5 Bad treatment at government - especially clinics; no intere 6 Corruption; Nepotism; Lack of service delivery by governmen 7 Disrespect; No manners; Lack of respect; Rude without a rea 8 Race; Nationality 9 Language 10 Age 11 Gender 12 Education level; Knowledge; Think I am stupid; They think t 13 Financial status; being poor; low standard of living; being 14 Working status; Unemployment; The work I do 15 My appearance - not specified; Way I dress; Disability 16 Discrimination (not specified); Inequality; Unfairness; Wil 17 Cruelty; jealousy; they feel intimidated; being undermined 18 I am always friendly; respectful; Walk away from such a sit 19 I am a serious person; I stand up for myself; Have strong v 20 Because I am a quiet person; Introvert; Do not socialize 21 Violence; Level of Crime; Stealing from me 22 Others think they are better than you 23 It should be reported; Will report it 24 Religion; culture; Because of my lifestyle choices; gamblin 25 The political party I support; political Sysmiss Q40_3 If any of the previously mentioned experiences have happened to you, what do you think was the main reason that these experiences happened to you? Coded response 3 106 1900 1 Other 2 I have never had these experiences 3 No specific reasons given; unclear; Do not want to talk abo 4 Do not know 5 Bad treatment at government - especially clinics; no intere 6 Corruption; Nepotism; Lack of service delivery by governmen 7 Disrespect; No manners; Lack of respect; Rude without a rea 8 Race; Nationality 9 Language 10 Age 11 Gender 12 Education level; Knowledge; Think I am stupid; They think t 13 Financial status; being poor; low standard of living; being 14 Working status; Unemployment; The work I do 15 My appearance - not specified; Way I dress; Disability 16 Discrimination (not specified); Inequality; Unfairness; Wil 17 Cruelty; jealousy; they feel intimidated; being undermined 18 I am always friendly; respectful; Walk away from such a sit 19 I am a serious person; I stand up for myself; Have strong v 20 Because I am a quiet person; Introvert; Do not socialize 21 Violence; Level of Crime; Stealing from me 22 Others think they are better than you 23 It should be reported; Will report it 24 Religion; culture; Because of my lifestyle choices; gamblin 25 The political party I support; political Sysmiss Q40_4 If any of the previously mentioned experiences have happened to you, what do you think was the main reason that these experiences happened to you? Coded response 4 19 1987 11 24 1 Other 2 I have never had these experiences 3 No specific reasons given; unclear; Do not want to talk abo 4 Do not know 5 Bad treatment at government - especially clinics; no intere 6 Corruption; Nepotism; Lack of service delivery by governmen 7 Disrespect; No manners; Lack of respect; Rude without a rea 8 Race; Nationality 9 Language 10 Age 11 Gender 12 Education level; Knowledge; Think I am stupid; They think t 13 Financial status; being poor; low standard of living; being 14 Working status; Unemployment; The work I do 15 My appearance - not specified; Way I dress; Disability 16 Discrimination (not specified); Inequality; Unfairness; Wil 17 Cruelty; jealousy; they feel intimidated; being undermined 18 I am always friendly; respectful; Walk away from such a sit 19 I am a serious person; I stand up for myself; Have strong v 20 Because I am a quiet person; Introvert; Do not socialize 21 Violence; Level of Crime; Stealing from me 22 Others think they are better than you 23 It should be reported; Will report it 24 Religion; culture; Because of my lifestyle choices; gamblin 25 The political party I support; political Q41_A To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about LGBT people in South Africa? LGBT people deserve the same human rights as all South Africans. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q41_B To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about LGBT people in South Africa? Same-sex couples are just as likely as other parents to successfully raise children. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q41_C To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about LGBT people in South Africa? I would accept a family member in a same-sex relationship. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q41_D To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about LGBT people in South Africa? LGBT people are accepted in my culture and tradition. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q41_E To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about LGBT people in South Africa? Schools should teach learners about issues of gender and sexual orientation. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q42_A People sometimes talk about the divisions between people in South Africa. What, in your experience, is the biggest division in South Africa today? 2006 1 The division between supporters of different political part 2 The division between the rich and the poor 3 The division between those living with infectious diseases 4 The division between South Africans of different race group 5 The division between South Africans of different language g 6 The division between South Africans of different genders 7 The division between South African citizens and migrants fr 8 None (there are no divisions) 996 Other 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q42_A_Other People sometimes talk about the divisions between people in South Africa. What, in your experience, is the biggest division in South Africa today? Other 3 Economic freedom access is not fair Educated and less educated Same religion Q42_B Apart from this one, which would you say is the second biggest division in South Africa today? 1806 200 1 The division between supporters of different political part 2 The division between the rich and the poor 3 The division between those living with infectious diseases 4 The division between South Africans of different race group 5 The division between South Africans of different language g 6 The division between South Africans of different genders 7 The division between South African citizens and migrants fr 8 None (there are no divisions) 996 Other 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q42_B_Other Apart from this one, which would you say is the second biggest division in South Africa today? Other 3 Different religions beliefs Religious beliefs Religious groups Q43 In your opinion, how united or divided are the people of South Africa today? Are they: 2006 1 Very united 2 Somewhat united 3 Neither united nor divided 4 Somewhat divided 5 Very divided 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q44_A What, if anything, does ‘reconciliation’ mean to you? 2006 1 Nothing – it has no meaning 2 Peace – the reduction of violence and establishment of pe 3 Relationships – improving relationships between past enem 4 Justice – redressing injustice | creating a more equal so 5 Making amends – past perpetrators taking responsibility f 6 Retribution – past perpetrators punished for their action 7 Forgiveness – past victims forgiving past perpetrator 8 Democracy – building a democratic culture 9 Truth – establishing the truth of the past 10 Memorialisation – remembering the past 11 Race relations – addressing racism 12 Compromise – two sides make compromises 13 Dialogue – finding ways to talk about the past 14 Respect – respecting people s humanity 15 Moving on – moving forward from the past 996 Other 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q44_A_Other What, if anything, does ‘reconciliation’ mean to you? Other 4 Excitement Fair and free individuals Peace and forgiveness Third person that comes in to make piece Q44_B What else? 1705 301 1 Nothing – it has no meaning 2 Peace – the reduction of violence and establishment of pe 3 Relationships – improving relationships between past enem 4 Justice – redressing injustice | creating a more equal so 5 Making amends – past perpetrators taking responsibility f 6 Retribution – past perpetrators punished for their action 7 Forgiveness – past victims forgiving past perpetrator 8 Democracy – building a democratic culture 9 Truth – establishing the truth of the past 10 Memorialisation – remembering the past 11 Race relations – addressing racism 12 Compromise – two sides make compromises 13 Dialogue – finding ways to talk about the past 14 Respect – respecting people s humanity 15 Moving on – moving forward from the past 996 Other 998 Refused 999 Do not know Sysmiss Q44_B_Other What else? Other 2 Equality between all Thinking before acting Q45_A Please say how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about reconciliation. South Africans have made progress in reconciliation since the end of apartheid. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q45_B Please say how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about reconciliation. My friends and family have experienced reconciliation after the end of apartheid. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q45_C Please say how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about reconciliation. I believe the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) provided a good foundation for South Africa to achieve reconciliation. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q45_D Please say how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about reconciliation. South Africans still need reconciliation. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q45_E Please say how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about reconciliation. Reconciliation is likely to increase in the coming years. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q46_A In your opinion, what is the biggest barrier to reconciliation in South Africa? 2006 1 Poverty and economic inequality 2 Gender based violence 3 Racism 4 Divisions between supporters of different political parties 5 Corruption 6 Using race categories to measure transformation 7 None (there are no barriers) 996 Other (Specify): 998 Refused 999 Do not Know Q46_A_Other In your opinion, what is the biggest barrier to reconciliation in South Africa? Other 3 Education Self importance Unemployment Q46_B And the second biggest barrier to reconciliation? 1930 76 1 Poverty and economic inequality 2 Gender based violence 3 Racism 4 Divisions between supporters of different political parties 5 Corruption 6 Using race categories to measure transformation 7 None (there are no barriers) 996 Other (Specify): 998 Refused 999 Do not Know Sysmiss Q46_B_Other And the second biggest barrier to reconciliation? Other 2 Lies and no confessions We undermine one another Q47_A There are many ways we can acknowledge and remember the past. Teaching children about South Africa’s history of colonialism and apartheid in schools. 2006 1 Strongly oppose 2 Oppose 3 Neither oppose nor support 4 Support 5 Strongly support 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q47_B There are many ways we can acknowledge and remember the past. Renaming cities, streets and other public places to reflect the values of democratic South Africa. 2006 1 Strongly oppose 2 Oppose 3 Neither oppose nor support 4 Support 5 Strongly support 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q47_C There are many ways we can acknowledge and remember the past. Removing memorials and other symbols of colonialism and apartheid. 2006 1 Strongly oppose 2 Oppose 3 Neither oppose nor support 4 Support 5 Strongly support 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q48_A How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following. I think it is fair that the people who discriminated against others during apartheid feel what it is like to be discriminated against. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q48_B How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following. It is still important for the government to provide support to people who were victims of human rights abuses under apartheid. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q49_A How much do you agree or disagree with the following? Black South Africans (this includes Black African, Indian and Coloured people) should be repaid in some way for colonialism and apartheid, through money or land. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q49_B How much do you agree or disagree with the following? It is essential that all white South Africans take action for repairing the damages of the past. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q49_C How much do you agree or disagree with the following? Black South Africans should demand compensation for what happened during colonialism and apartheid. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q49_D How much do you agree or disagree with the following? A fund should be set up to compensate black South Africans for what happened during colonialism and apartheid. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q49_E How much do you agree or disagree with the following? Wealthy people should pay an additional tax to fund compensation for black South Africans. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q50_A Based on what you know and you have heard, how much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? I am trying to forgive those who hurt me and my family during apartheid. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q50_B Based on what you know and you have heard, how much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? South Africans should try to forget about apartheid and just move forward together as a country. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q51 Who do you think should take the greatest responsibility for ensuring reconciliation in South Africa? 2006 1 Only those oppressed during apartheid 2 Mostly those oppressed during apartheid 3 Both those who were oppressed and who benefitted from apart 4 Mostly those who benefitted from apartheid 5 Only those who benefitted from apartheid 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q52_A How important are the roles of each of the following institutions? National government and elected representatives – like MPs and local councillors 2006 1 Not important 2 A little important 3 Somewhat important 4 Quite important 5 Very important 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q52_B How important are the roles of each of the following institutions? Civil society organisations and community organisations 2006 1 Not important 2 A little important 3 Somewhat important 4 Quite important 5 Very important 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q52_C How important are the roles of each of the following institutions? Business 2006 1 Not important 2 A little important 3 Somewhat important 4 Quite important 5 Very important 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q52_D How important are the roles of each of the following institutions? Religious and faith-based organisations 2006 1 Not important 2 A little important 3 Somewhat important 4 Quite important 5 Very important 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q52_E How important are the roles of each of the following institutions? You and your family and friends 2006 1 Not important 2 A little important 3 Somewhat important 4 Quite important 5 Very important 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q53_A How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about the situation in the country after the Covid-19 pandemic? South Africa emerged from the pandemic stronger than it was before. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q53_B How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about the situation in the country after the Covid-19 pandemic? South Africans are more united after the pandemic. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q53_C How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements about the situation in the country after the Covid-19 pandemic? South Africa has become a more caring society after the pandemic. 2006 1 Strongly disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Agree 5 Strongly agree 997 Not applicable 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q54_A The COVID pandemic and State of Disaster affected many people’s lives in different ways. Personal financial situation 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q54_B The COVID pandemic and State of Disaster affected many people’s lives in different ways. Employment situation 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q54_C The COVID pandemic and State of Disaster affected many people’s lives in different ways. Health and well-being 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q54_D The COVID pandemic and State of Disaster affected many people’s lives in different ways. Family life 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q54_E The COVID pandemic and State of Disaster affected many people’s lives in different ways. Social life 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q54_F The COVID pandemic and State of Disaster affected many people’s lives in different ways. Hope for the future 2006 1 Much worse 2 Worse 3 The same 4 Better 5 Much better 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q55 How likely are you to vote in the 2024 elections? Is it: 2006 1 Very unlikely 2 Unlikely 3 Unsure 4 Likely 5 Very likely 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q56 Many people feel close to a particular political party over a long period of time, although they might occasionally vote for a different political party. At present, which political party do you feel close with? 2006 1 Action SA 2 African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP) 3 African Independent Congress (AIC) 4 African National Congress (ANC) 5 African Transformation Movement (ATM) 6 Al Jama-ah 7 Congress of the People (COPE) 8 Democratic Alliance (DA) 9 Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) 10 Freedom Front Plus | Vryheidsfront Plus (VF+) 11 GOOD 12 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) 13 National Freedom Party (NFP) 14 Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) 15 United Democratic Movement (UDM) 16 Do not feel close to a political party 996 Other 998 Refused 999 Do not know Q56_1 Many people feel close to a particular political party over a long period of time, although they might occasionally vote for a different political party. At present, which political party do you feel close with? Other 58 1948 1 Other answers 2 Patriotic Alliance (PA) 3 Other Political Party mentioned 4 Confidential; my secret 5 Undecided 6 Not voting Sysmiss IJR Barometer 2023 Population Weight 2006 10.155 168665.104 20204.994 21133.734