| Value |
Category |
| -9 |
missing/n.a. |
| 1 |
voter registration was flawed (nikuv) |
| 2 |
kaunda barred/unip could not field candidates |
| 3 |
ruling party used state resources to campaign |
| 4 |
ruling party had unfair access to the media |
| 5 |
dirty tricks. some candidates misinformed voters |
| 6 |
vote buying. candidate/party distributed money and goods |
| 7 |
voters were intimidated/pressured to vote |
| 8 |
voter fraud (e.g., "ghost" voters, double voting, etc.) |
| 9 |
vote rigging (e.g., votes weren't counted properly, etc.) |
| 10 |
other (e.g., campaign/polling period too short, low turnout) |
| 11 |
no specific reason given |
Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest.