Zambia - Demographic and Health Survey 1992, Zambia

Start	End	Cycle
1992-01	1992-05	N/A

Face-to-face
The ZDHS household and individual questionnaires were pretested September-October 1991. Sixteen staff from the Ministry of Health (mostly nurses and clinical officers) who spoke the languages into which the questionnaires had been translated were trained for two weeks at the Mwachisompola Health Demonstration Clinic, about one hour's drive from Lusaka. In the following I0 days, these interviewers completed 109 interviews mostly in Lusaka and Central Province.

Training of field staff for the main survey was conducted at the University of Zambia. After one-week training sessions--first for the trainers and then for the supervisors and field editors in early December-interviewers were trained from 16 December 1991 to 5 January 1992. Staff from the University, the CSO, the Ministry of Health, Planned Parenthood Association of Zambia, and Macro International conducted the four-week training course. A total of 72 candidates were trained, including most of those who had participated in the pretest. With the exception of two supervisors from the CSO, all candidates for field staff positions were recruited from the Ministry of Health and consisted of nurses, nurse/midwives and clinical officers.

The training course consisted of instruction in general interviewing techniques, field procedures, a detailed review of items on the questionnaires, instruction and practice in weighing and measuring children, mock interviews between participants in the classroom, and practice interviews in the field. Trainees who performed satisfactorily in the training programme were selected as interviewers, while those whose performance was rated as superior were selected as field editors. Those whose performance was satisfactory, but who either could not travel in the field or who did not speak one of the major languages in Zambia, were selected as data processing staff.

The fieldwork for the ZDHS was carried out by 10 teams. Each consisted of one supervisor, one field editor, four interviewers and one driver; however, due to heavier workloads in their provinces, one team had five interviewers and another had six. In total, there were 10 supervisors, 10 field editors, 43 interviewers, and 10 drivers. Of the interviewers, 34 were women and 9 were men. In addition, each team was assigned a fieldwork coordinator, generally one of the trainers, who spent approximately half of the fieldwork lime in the field with his/her team. Each team was assigned a vehicle either by the CSO or another government agency and team members moved together through the areas assigned to them. Fieldwork commenced on 18th January and was completed on 15th May 1992.

The questionnaire for each DHS can be found as an appendix in the final report for each study.

Two types of questionnaires were used for the ZDHS: (a) the Household Questionnaire and (b) the Individual Questionnaire.

The contents of these questionnaires were based on the DHS Model B Questionnaire, which is designed for use in countries with low levels of contraceptive use. Additions and modifications to the model questionnaires were made after consultation with members of the Department of Social Development Studies of the University of Zambia, the Central Statistical Office (CSO), the Ministry of Health, the Planned Parenthood Association of Zambia (PPAZ), and the National Commission for Development Planning. The questionnaires were developed in English and then translated into and printed in seven of the most widely spoken languages (Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja and Tonga).

a) The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors of a selected household. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his/her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women who were eligible for the individual interview. In addition, information was collected on the household itself, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, material used for the floor of the house, and ownership of various consumer goods.

b) The Individual Questionnaire was used to collect information from women age 15-49 about the following topics: Background characteristics (education, religion, etc.); Reproductive history; Knowledge and use of family planning methods; Antenatal and delivery care; Breastfeeding and weaning practices; Vaccinations and health of children under age five; Marriage; Fertility preferences; Husband's background and respondent's work; and Awareness of AIDS.

In addition, interviewing teams measured the height and weight of all children under age five and their mothers.

Name	Abbreviation	Affiliation
Ministry of Health	MOH